1. CENTRAL AND WEST AFRICA

  Little advantage in lowering prices in a dull market
At the end of May demand for West African timber
remained subdued according to producers. There has been
an effort to raise buyer interest through lowering FOB
prices but producers know, having once reduced prices it
is very difficult to raise them especially as demand is
likely to remain quiet. A sharp fall in demand for okan has
been observed.

Markets in the Philippines and the Middle East countries
continue to absorb steady volumes with Philippine buyers
being particularly active for okoumé and dabéma and
Middle East importers maintain stable orders for iroko and
redwoods. Demand in these two markets helps offset the
downturn in Chinese and European consumption but it is
not enough to halt the rise in sawnwood stocks held by
millers in the region.

European demand for tropical timber has stayed muted
since early spring and now, as the holiday season arrives
some importers are requesting delayed shipment until
August to avoid incurring extra port charges if they do not
clear imports, a particular problem at Antwerp and Le
Havre Ports during the summer lull, they say. With the
holiday period approaching across Europe few expect any
significant uptick in demand before the autumn.

Cameroon
It is reported that there are no unexpected challenges
facing the timber industry as the weak level of demand has
become the norm. The rain season is approaching and the
first downpours have already been recorded. Producers
comment that “except for election talk” the forestry and
transport ministries remain quiet.

An article on the businessincameroon.com website says
timber production in Cameroon is set to grow in 2025
even though the country has been tightening taxes on
wood exports for several years.

The Central Bank of Central African States (BEAC)
forecasts a national output of 5.22 million cubic metres for
the year, up from 5.19 million in 2024.

This rise in production is expected despite Cameroon’s
increasingly strict tax policy on the forestry sector. The
government says the goal of these higher taxes is to
discourage raw and semi-processed wood exports and to
promote value-added processing inside the country. To
support this strategy, Cameroon is also offering tax breaks
on wood processing equipment, at the same time the
government has set aside two industrial zones dedicated to
wood processing.

See: https://www.businessincameroon.com/public-
management/0505-14638-cameroon-s-timber-output-projected-
to-rise-in-2025-despite-higher-export-taxes

Gabon
The new government has been active in reviewing logistic
issues. Up-country roads continue to deteriorate under
persistent rains hampering haulage. Rail services were
recently disrupted due to another derailment. It has been
reported that SETRAG, the railway operator, plans a
multi-year programme to begin using concrete sleepers.

Producers are awaiting the long two-month dry season set
to begin in June. Meanwhile, forestry inspectors have
stepped up audits of concessions, sawmills and transport
corridors in Libreville and around Nkok.

Republic of the Congo
Congo’s timber sector remains quiet with many Chinese
and Malaysian sawmills operating on a single shift. Some
mills have ceased operations. The government continues
to promote tertiary processing. There has been some
investment in added value processing but there are
challenges meeting the quality and specification
requirements in some demanding markets. Some
producers are targeting domestic consumption and
regional markets for their processed products.

EUDR - export risk ranking of countries
The European Commission has published the ranking of
countries according to their assessed level of risk under the
EUDR.

See: https://green-forum.ec.europa.eu/deforestation-regulation-
implementation/eudr-cooperation-and-partnerships/country-
classification-list_en

There has been some early reaction to the rankings and
commentaries can be found at:

https://www.atibt.org/en/news/13641/eudr-commission-
publishes-first-country-benchmarking-list
also
https://www.nadar.earth/media/eudr-country-benchmarking

Through the eyes of industry
The latest GTI report lists the challenges identified by the
private sector in the Republic of Congo and Gabon.

See: https://www.itto-
ggsc.org/static/upload/file/20250519/1747635226558660.pdf

2. GHANA

  Primary wood products dominate exports
Ghana’s first quarter 2025 wood products statistics
published by the Timber Industry Development Division
(TIDD) of the Forestry Commission (FC) show that
primary, secondary and tertiary products accounted for
71%, 27% and 2% respectively of the total wood exports
(57,843 cu.m).

For the same period in the previous year the corresponding
figures for these products were primary (65%), secondary
(33%) and tertiary (2%) of the total volume of wood
products exported (64,701 cu.m).

Comparatively, Ghana exported lower volumes of all these
three classes of wood products during the first three-
months of 2025 compared to the same period last year.
The decline in exports was particularly sharp for air-dried
sawnwoodr (-13%), plywood (-88%), rotary veneer (-
11%) and plywood to the regional market (-28%).

The export revenue for the period totalled Eur 27.50
million in 2025 compared to the Eur 29.33 million in
2024, a 10% drop in volume and a nearly 6% decline in
value.



Primary wood products comprising air-dried sawnwood,
billets, teak logs, air-dried boules, kindling, poles and
rollboard earned Eur15.95 million from 41,052 cu.m of the
total wood products export between January and March
2025. The figures indicated decreases of almost 4% in
value and a decrease of 1% in volume, when compared to
the primary wood products export figures recorded for
January-March 2024.

Secondary wood products which included kiln-dried
sawnwood and boules, veneers, plywood and briquettes
earned Eur 10.25 million from a total volume of 15,493
cu.m in the first quarter 2025. Compared to the previous
year’s figures of 21,403 cu.m valued at Eur11.52 million
this showed a decrease of 11% in value and a decrease of
28% in volume.

Tertiary Wood Products (TWP) were mainly mouldings
and dowels and these earned Eur1.30 million from 1,298
cu.m of the total exports in the January-March 2025
period. Moreover, the figures indicate an increase of 2% in
value but a decrease of 5% in volume respectively as
compared to the tertiary wood products export of 1,366
cu.m valued at Eur 1.28 million in January to March 2024.

Of the total exports, the respective market shares for Asia,
Europe and Africa were 69%, 14% and 9% with the
balance going to the United States and Middle East
countries.

Neighbouring African countries have been the major
consuming markets for Ghana’s plywood exports with
Togo and Burkina Faso topping the list accounting for
64% of the total plywood exports to African countries.

Ghana to issue first FLEGT license
At a meeting with the European Union Ambassador to
Ghana, Irchad Razaaly, the Minister for Lands and Natural
Resources, Emmanuel Armah-Kofi Buah, reaffirmed
Ghana’s commitment to strengthening its longstanding
partnership with the European Union particularly in
sustainable forest governance.

According to the Minister, Ghana is on track to issue its
first Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade
(FLEGT) License by 30 June 2025. He noted this
milestone will make Ghana the first country in Africa and
the second in the world to accomplish this achievement.

The Minister expressed gratitude to the EU for its
continued support to Ghana’s natural resources and
environmental sector and looked forward to a stronger and
more fruitful partnership in the years ahead.

He urged the EU to consider assistance in developing
large-scale commercial plantations and the Tree for Life
Reforestation Initiative and logistical support in the
ongoing fight against illegal mining, land reclamation,
restoration of polluted water bodies.

As part of its preparation for FLEGT licensing the
Forestry Commission convened a meeting with key
industry players to discuss and prepare them for
implementation of the FLEGT licensing and their role in
the timber value chain to ensure smooth transition.

Stakeholders were taken through presentations on the
overview of the FLEGT licensing regime; the legal
requirements and compliance under the Timber Resource
Management and Legality Licensing Regulations, 2017
(LI 2254); guidelines for export permits and license
issuance and application.

See: https://fcghana.org/fc-convenes-meeting-with-industry-
players-on-flegt-license-issuance/

Review of VAT system almost completed
The Acting Commissioner General of the Ghana Revenue
Authority, Anthony Kwasi Sarpong, has disclosed that the
review process of the country’s current Value Added Tax
(VAT) regime has progressed steadily and is well far
advanced and findings and recommendations will soon be
submitted to the Minister of Finance.

Speaking to journalist and IMANI Ghana on “Resetting
Ghana’s Revenue mobilisation”, the Commissioner
General expressed optimism that the new system will
improve the country’s tax-to-Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) ratio.

In his 2025 budget statement the Minister of Finance, Dr.
Casley Ato Forson, signaled government’s intention to
conduct a comprehensive review expected to simplify the
VAT payment, boost domestic revenue mobilisation and
increase the tax-to-GDP ratio for the short to medium
term.

See: https://www.myjoyonline.com/review-of-ghanas-vat-
regime-almost-ready-gra/

Producer Price Index (PPI) drops
The year-on-year producer price inflation (PPI) in ex-
factory prices for all goods and services declined to 18.5%
in April 2025 from 24.4% in March 2025.

With the recent appreciation of the Ghana Cedi industry
players are hopeful this will deliver some macro-economic
stability. The Association of Ghana Industries (AGI) has
said that the appreciation of the cedi was a positive
development because it would impact in the confidence in
the economy.

Speaking at the 9th Ghana CEO Summit under the theme,
“Leading Ghana’s Economic Reset: Transforming
Business and Governance for a Sustainable Futuristic
Economy”.

President Mahama reiterated his government’s
commitment to fiscal prudence and urged businesses to
reflect price adjustments as a necessary complement to
Government efforts aimed at consolidating economic
recovery.

See: https://thebftonline.com/2025/05/27/maintaining-fiscal-
discipline-remains-top-priority-mahama/
and
https://www.bog.gov.gh/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/MPC-
statement-May-2025.pdf

Through the eyes of industry
The latest GTI report lists the challenges identified by the
private sector in Ghana.

See: https://www.itto-
ggsc.org/static/upload/file/20250519/1747635226558660.pdf

3. MALAYSIA

  GDP growth forecast 4.4 per cent
MIDF Research considers domestic demand will continue
to be the key driver of Malaysia’s economic growth in the
first quarter of 2025 underpinned by steady growth in
private consumption and a sustained rise in the services
sector.

A healthy labour market, employment growth with high
labour force participation, increased tourist arrivals (and
spending) will be positive fundamentals supporting
Malaysian growth.

See: https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-
news/2025/05/16/gdp-growth-forecast-for-1q25-seen-at-44

Importers rush secure furniture as tariffs loom
US buyers of Malaysian furniture have asked that the
products be sent to them before July in view of the
uncertainty over US tariffs according to the Malaysian
Furniture Council.

“Our customers in the United States have asked us to ship
as much as possible during the 90-day (tariff) suspension
window, ideally before July,” said Matthew Law the
Council’s Deputy President. He added that currently the
US imposes different tariff rates on Malaysia’s main
competitors: Vietnam, Cambodia and Indonesia. Amid
these upheavals US demand has begun to decline signaling
a market slowdown.

According to an Investment, Trade and Industry Ministry
report on the first quarter of 2025, Malaysia faces a 24%
US tariff, well below Vietnam, Cambodia and Indonesia.
It said Malaysia’s furniture industry stands to gain from
shifting US trade patterns with lower tariffs making its
products more appealing to US importers.

In the furniture sector the government will tighten
enforcement to prevent Malaysia from being used as a
trans-shipment hub for timber and wood products
originating from countries with higher US tariffs.

The president of the Small and Medium Enterprises
Association Malaysia, William Ng, said the higher tariffs
on furniture imports from Vietnam, Cambodia and
Indonesia have opened up a “real and timely opportunity”
for Malaysian SMEs to grow their presence in one of the
world’s largest furniture markets.

Adding, to fully leverage this we need better marketing
support, faster access to trade finance and streamlined
logistics to meet increased demand.

Despite the improved competitive position, Ng pointed out
that local furniture manufacturers continue to grapple with
rising operational costs, including labour, raw materials
and energy. He also stressed the need to strengthen
upstream integration within the industry, noting that
Malaysia still imports significant timber and necessary
inputs.

See: https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/05/13/rush-
for-furniture-as-tariffs-loom

Malaysian Wood Expo
The Malaysian Wood Expo (MWE) is back with its 3rd
Edition from 10 to 11 November 2025 at the Malaysia
International Trade and Exhibition Centre (MITEC).

The Malaysian Wood Expo (MWE) is a wood expo
organised by the Malaysian Timber Council (MTC). Since
its inception in 2019 the MWE has gained a reputation as a
premier platform for global players to connect and create
new business opportunities. MWE last year recorded 3,000
trade visitors from 50 countries to its 120 exhibitors.

See: https://www.malaysianwoodexpo.com.my/ .

Carbon recognised as a forest product
Sarawak continues to strengthen its commitment to
climate change mitigation by engaging Native Customary
Rights (NCR) landowners as strategic partners in the
implementation of sustainable forest carbon activities.

According to a Sarawak Forest Department Director, Datu
Hamden Mohamad, community participation is essential
for effective forest carbon management, with Native
Customary Rights lands serving not only as cultural
heritage assets but also as vital sources of livelihood and
identity.

“NCR land holds great potential in contributing to global
efforts to reduce carbon emissions.
“Active involvement from local communities can bring
long-term economic returns while preserving the
environment,” he said. He added, “Sarawak has taken
legislative steps to formalise this strategy by amending the
Forests Ordinance 2015 to recognise carbon as a forest
product”.

See:
http://theborneopost.pressreader.com/article/281698325660046




Through the eyes of industry
The latest GTI report lists the challenges identified by the
private sector in Malaysia.

See: https://www.itto-
ggsc.org/static/upload/file/20250519/1747635226558660.pdf

4.  INDONESIA

  Boosting exports - mandatory SVLK requirement
removed on furniture and crafts
The Minister of Trade, Budi Santoso, announced that the
government will remove the mandatory requirement for V-
Legal documents for furniture and crafts in order to
expand export growth. He clarified that the V-Legal
requirements, which relate to wood product export
licenses, will no longer be mandatory except for certain
countries such as European Member States and the United
Kingdom.

The Minister emphasised that removing the V-Legal
requirement is intended to facilitate the export process for
furniture and crafts especially those from small and
medium size enterprises thereby relieving them of SVLK
costs.

"This change will prevent SMEs from being burdened by
extra costs and lengthy processing times. It will enhance
our efficiency and competitiveness, allowing us to better
compete with countries like Vietnam," he added.

See: https://www.antaranews.com/berita/4848845/pemerintah-
dongkrak-ekspor-furnitur-lewat-dengan-tidak-wajib-v-legal
and
https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20250521181700-4-
635122/mendag-pengusaha-sepakat-ekspor-furnitur-kerajinan-
tak-wajib-svlk

Diversification of products for export to Japan
Japan is a major market for Indonesian processed wood
products. To strengthen this trade the Indonesian Embassy
in Tokyo, along with the Indonesian Forestry Community
Communication Forum (FKMPI), organised a Business
Forum on Forest Product Trade.

Indroyono Soesilo, Chairman of FKMPI, emphasised the
crucial role of the Indonesian Legality and Sustainability
Verification System (SVLK) in enhancing Indonesia's
standing in the international market for wood products.

Indroyono mentioned that exports to Japan are primarily
panel products, paper, furniture, wood chips and wood-
working items which earned around US$300 million in
2024. "There is a need to diversify processed wood
products to expand the export market to Japan," he said.

In terms of furniture products, Veronica Rebekka
Anggraini, a representative of the Board of Directors of
the Indonesian Furniture and Craft Industry Association
(HIMKI), views Japan as a promising market for
continued growth.

She explained "Japan ranks second among Indonesia's
furniture export destinations with a value of US$24.67
million in 2024". During this forum a Memorandum of
Understanding (MOU) was signed between Indonesian
businesses actors and their Japanese partners concerning
the supply of wood pellet products.
See: https://forestinsights.id/diversifikasi-produk-kayu-olahan-
untuk-perkuat-pasar-ekspor-ke-jepang/#

EC classifies Indonesia as ‘Standard Risk’
The European Commission has published risk categories
that will guide EU import requirements under the EU
Deforestation Regulation (EUDR). Indonesia has been
placed in the Standard Risk Category.

As a result of this classification, Indonesia's exports of
commodities such as palm oil, wood products, cocoa and
rubber to the European Union will face lighter
requirements than some other countries under the EUDR.

On 22 May 2025, the European Commission adopted
an Implementing Regulation classifying countries under
the EU Deforestation Regulation (EUDR) into three risk
categories: low, standard or high risk.

Four countries have been designated as "high risk":
Belarus, Myanmar, North Korea and Russia. 140 countries
have been classed low risks, including all EU Member
States, the UK, the U.S., Canada, China, Japan, Australia
and South Africa.

This classification determines whether operators can
benefit from simplified due diligence obligations under
Article 13 EUDR and the level of annual compliance
checks to be conducted by supervisory authorities on
imports and exports of EUDR-relevant commodities
(cattle, cocoa, coffee, oil palm, rubber, soya and wood)
and derived products.

The risk classification system will allow EU Member State
Competent Authorities to define and plan their annual
compliance checks, namely 1% for low-risk countries, 3%
for standard risk countries and 9% for high-risk countries
as part of a risk-based approach.

See: https://green-forum.ec.europa.eu/deforestation-regulation-
implementation/eudr-cooperation-and-partnerships/country-
classification-list_en
and
https://www.msn.com/id-id/ekonomi/peraturan-keuangan/lolos-
dari-aturan-super-ketat-uni-eropa-kategorikan-indonesia-
berisiko-standar-dalam-eudr/ar-
AA1FkbTm?ocid=BingNewsVerp

Indonesia introduces its carbon trading potential to
Japan
The Indonesian Forestry Entrepreneurs Association
(APHI) is intensifying efforts to mitigate the impacts of
climate change by introducing Indonesia’s huge potential
for tropical forest-based carbon trading at this year’s
World Expo Osaka, Japan.

In a business forum attended by stakeholders from the
public and private sectors from both countries, APHI
presented the government’s flagship programme, the Food
and Land Use Coalition (FOLU) Net Sink 2030, which
targets the forestry and land use sectors to become net
emission absorbers by 2030.

On that occasion, the implementation of the Mutual
Recognition Arrangement (MRA) between Indonesia and
Japan was also discussed which would allow cross-country
recognition of carbon certification. This is intended to
create opportunities for Japanese investors in nature-based
carbon projects such as peat restoration and mangrove
rehabilitation.

See: https://en.antaranews.com/news/354785/indonesia-
introduces-its-carbon-trading-potential-to-japan

Semarang furniture exports to the US
Furniture products were recently shipped from Semarang,
Central Java to the United States according to the website
of the Indonesian Ministry of Trade Ministry. An export
ceremony was led by the Deputy Minister of Trade, Dyah
Roro Esti. She offered her appreciated for these expors
which contributed to the increase in Indonesian furniture
exports.

The Deputy Minister also remarked that the US has been
the main export destination for Indonesian furniture
exports over the past decade. This achievement, she added,
needed to be maintained considering the global economy
being uncertain as well as the challenges of US tariffs.

See: https://www.rri.co.id/bisnis/1522013/semarang-exports-usd-
120k-furniture-to-the-us

Primary forest loss fell in 2024
Indonesia's primary forest loss declined by 11% in 2024
compared to 2023. This trend differs from the global
situation which has seen a record increase in forest loss.
According to the World Resources Institute (WRI) Global
Forest Watch report, drawing on data from the University
of Maryland's Global Land Analysis and Discovery
(GLAD), approximately 6.7 million hectares (ha) of
primary rainforest were lost worldwide in 2024.

In Indonesia, the total area of primary forest loss in 2024
is estimated at 260,000 ha. a decrease from 290,000 ha in
2023. The WRI report indicates that most of the primary
forest loss in Indonesia occurred near logging concessions,
oil palm plantations, small-scale agriculture and mining
areas.

Some provinces, including Sumatra, specifically Aceh,
Bengkulu and South Sumatra as well as Papua
experienced minimal increases in their loss rates.
Additionally, some primary forest loss was noted in
several protected areas such as Kerinci Seblat National
Park, Tesso Nilo and the Leuser ecosystem in Aceh.

See:https://hijau.bisnis.com/read/20250521/651/1878934/hutan-
primer-indonesia-yang-hilang-turun-11-pada-2024.

Ministry of Forestry clarification on forest areas for
food
The Ministry of Forestry has emphasised that the plan to
open 20.6 million hectares of land for the food security
project will be executed in stages. Ruandha Sugardiman,
Senior Advisor to Indonesia's Folu Net Sink 2030
Working Team at the Ministry of Forestry clarified that
the areas designated for food land will consist of non-
productive forests.

Ruandha assured that primary forests would not be
converted for food or energy purposes. He stated that
some of the land designated for this project consists of
secondary forests. If any new land is to be opened from
productive forests, Ruandha noted that the clearing would
not exceed 5% of the total productive forests in Indonesia.

The government has confirmed that it will conduct a
environmental impact analysis and that it is committed to
achieving net zero deforestation. Therefore, when there is
forest clearing for agricultural land there will be a
corresponding commitment to replanting in other areas.

See: https://nasional.kontan.co.id/news/kemenhut-rencana-
pembukaan-20-juta-ha-hutan-untuk-pangan-dilakukan-secara-
bertahap

Bracing for forest fires ahead of dry season
With some regions already experiencing wildfires the
government is intensifying efforts to mitigate the risk of
forest and land fires as the country is expected to shift to
the dry season in the coming weeks.

The Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency
(BMKG) recently forecasted that most regions across the
country will enter the dry season between April and June,
with its peak expected to fall in August, exacerbating the
risk of wildfire.

See: https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-
news/2025/05/18/indonesia-braces-for-forest-and-land-fires-
ahead-of-dry-season#goog_rewarded

5. MYANMAR

   Myanmar targets US$33 billion in foreign trade
Myanmar’s foreign trade is expected to reach US$33 bil.
in the financial year 2024-2025. External trade amounted
to over US$25.79 bil. as of 12 March this year or 78% of
the trade target according to the Vice-Chair of the National
Export Strategy Public-Private Export Promotion
Committee.

On conclusion of the 2020-2025 National Export Strategy
period, the Vice Chair asked officials to develop plans to
adapted to current situations and amend projects for the
next five-year National Export Strategy (2026-2030).

See- https://www.gnlm.com.mm/myanmar-targets-us33b-in-
foreign-trade-for-fy2024-2025/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

UN Warns - Deepening economic collapse and
humanitarian crisis
The United Nations has issued a stark warning over
Myanmar’s accelerating economic and humanitarian
collapse amid intensifying armed conflict and systemic
human rights abuses.

In a new report released by the Office of the UN High
Commissioner for Human Rights, Commissioner, Volker
Türk, described the situation as an “increasingly
catastrophic human rights crisis,” marked by widespread
violence, atrocities and the breakdown of basic public
services.

According to the report more civilians were killed in 2024
than in any previous year since the 2021 military coup. In
Rakhine State, the Arakan Army (AA) has gained control
over most of the region, displacing tens of thousands.
Rohingya civilians remain caught in the crossfire,
suffering killings, torture, arbitrary arrests and the
destruction of entire villages. Some Rohingya armed
groups have reportedly joined the broader conflict.

The violence has had a cascading impact on Myanmar’s
already fragile economy. The country has lost an estimated
US$93.9 billion since the coup. The GDP is not expected
to return to pre-pandemic levels until at least 2028. Key
indicators Inflation has soared and the kyat has
depreciated by 40%. Over half the population now lives
below the poverty line and food insecurity is widespread,
with prices for essentials continuing to climb.

Despite targeted international sanctions, the military
retains control over state-owned enterprises, the central
bank, and major revenue streams in the extractive sector.
The junta has used forced currency conversions, import
controls and repression of informal money transfers to
preserve its financial grip.

As Myanmar’s conflict deepens, the UN urges the global
community not to look away. Without coordinated
humanitarian aid and a path toward accountability, the
country risks further descent into entrenched violence,
economic ruin and State collapse.

See- https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/05/1163706

ASEAN Summit - calls for ceasefire and dialogue
At the recent ASEAN Summit regional leaders pushed for
renewed efforts toward peace and stability in Myanmar’s
ongoing political crisis and humanitarian disaster.

The ASEAN statement says, “We (ASEAN) remain
deeply concerned over the escalation of conflicts and the
deteriorating humanitarian situation in Myanmar, further
compounded by the impact of the 7.7-magnitude
earthquake that struck central Myanmar on 28 March
2025. We are committed to assisting Myanmar in finding a
peaceful and durable solution to the ongoing crisis. We
reiterate that the Five-Point Consensus remains the main
reference to address the political crisis in Myanmar, and it
should be implemented in its entirety to help the people of
Myanmar achieve an inclusive and durable peaceful
resolution that is Myanmar-owned and Myanmar led, thus
contributing to peace, security and stability in the region”.

ASEAN leaders expressed “deep concern” over the
escalating violence in Myanmar, urging all parties
involved, including Myanmar Government and opposition
armed groups, to extend the current temporary ceasefire
and initiate inclusive national dialogue.

See: https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/FINAL-
ASEAN-Leaders-Statement-on-an-extended-and-expanded-
ceasefire.pdf

Power crisis solution
Myanmar is signaling interest in reviving the long-stalled
Myitsone Dam project as the country grapples with
worsening electricity shortages. At a recent cabinet
meeting Senior General, Min Aung Hlaing, acknowledged
that current electricity production covers less than half of
national demand.

He attributed the ongoing power crisis to the suspension of
large-scale hydropower projects initiated over a decade
ago specifically referencing the US$3.6 billion Myitsone
Dam.

See- https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/is-myanmars-junta-about-
to-revive-a-controversial-dam-project/?utm_source=chatgpt.com

6. INDIA

  QCO on furniture begins February 2026
Announcing the enforcement of a mandatory BIS-QCO on
Furniture, in exercise of the powers conferred by section
16 of the Bureau of Indian Standards Act, 2016 (11 of
2016), the Bureau of Indian Standards has made a
dispensation of Statutory order S.O. 801 (E) entitled
Furniture Quality Control 2025. This was published on 13
February 2025 and will come in effect after 12-months
from the date of publication of the notification.

Goods or articles which shall conform to the
corresponding Indian Standards are specified as:

According to PlyReporter, Chintan Parekh, Secretary of
the Association of Furniture Manufacturers and Traders
(AFMT) asserted, “Although industry is bracing itself for
impending QCO on furniture stakeholders are
apprehensive about its repercussions on the design
quotient because it may limit the viability of certain
furniture design in the domestic market”.

See:https://www.furnituredesignindia.com/articles/90910/govt-
announces-mandatory-qco-bis-on-furniture-w-e-f-13th-feb-2026
and
https://www.instagram.com/p/DGGGpwvB4pB/
and
https://plyreporter.com/article/154008/govt-announces-
mandatory-qco-bis-on-furniture-wef-13th-feb-2026

Furniture exports – 60% wooden furniture
In its promotion of IndiaWood scheduled for 26 February -
2 March 2026 at the Bangalore Exhibition Centre there is
a focus on the potential for expanded Indian furniture
exports.

The promotion text stated “with robust export potential
and modernisation of manufacturing, India's woodworking
enterprises can strengthen their standing among the
world's furniture manufacturers”.
Nearly 60% of India's overall furniture export sector is
made up of wooden furniture.

The most popular exports from India are statues or
complex designs or art pieces. Because the timber sector
has a significant export potential updating the technology
adopted will aid expansion. In India, domestic demand for
furniture is expanding, which is boosting the organised
industry.

"International Furniture Park"- strengthening India's
export potential
An "International Furniture Park" at Tuticorin is an export
oriented initiative aimed at driving the industrial growth of
the southern regions of the State.

The Tamil Nadu government has signed memorandums of
understanding for 24 projects and is aiming for exports of
US$100 billion by 2030. The Micro, Small and Medium
Enterprises Trade and Investment Promotion Bureau (M-
TIPB) of the Tamil Nadu government has signed an
agreement with Flipkart/Walmart to promote e-commerce
among MSMEs in the state through a supplier
development programme.

M-TIPB and the Indo-German Chamber of Commerce
have signed a Memorandum of Understanding to facilitate
engagement between MSMEs in the state and enterprises
in Germany. For MSMEs in the state, the MoU will
enhance links, interaction, technology partnership
programmes and export prospects.

Key factors for the growth of the furniture sector in India
could be considered as improved supply management, cost
minimisation, brand creation and customisation options.

See:
https://indiawood.com/industryupdate2022.aspx?pressid=pressR
e30

Residential property market transitioning
A report by PropTiger has suggested India's residential
property market is transitioning from a phase of rapid
post-pandemic growth to a more balanced and sustainable
trajectory. While prices continue to rise year-on-year the
pace of growth has moderated in recent quarters.

The shift toward moderation became evident from the
third quarter 2024. Between the final quarter of 2024 and
early 2025 prices in most cities either held steady or
posted low single-digit gains. The stabilisation phase can
be attributed to multiple factors such as a more discerning
buyer base and continued but rationalised investor interest
and supply being adjusted to real demand rather than
speculative pushes.

"With prices plateauing in many cities and rising modestly
in others, developers are likely to respond with more
calibrated launches. This, in turn, will help maintain
momentum while avoiding overheating in the sector,"
noted the PropTiger report.

See: https://www.business-standard.com/finance/personal-
finance/india-s-housing-market-is-not-crashing-but-definately-
cooling-here-is-why-125050700677_1.html

Joint State private sector teak initiative
The Jharkhand State Pollution Control Board (JSPCB) will
promote teak plantations in rural Jharkhand in the
upcoming monsoon season to promote sustainable
development. As part of the initiative, teak saplings will be
planted in the backyards of rural households.

This initiative will be taken under JSPCB’s zero carbon
emission policy under which industrial units operating in
the State will support the households in maintaining the
saplings and receive carbon credits.

The JSPCB discussed the initiative with industry
stakeholders and the industries will provide financial
assistance, saplings and technical guidance to the
household for planting and maintaining the teak trees and
create a record of the saplings to be planted.

The trees planted under the initiative will be geo-tagged
and reported to a designated site of the JSPCB in a
specified format for ease of recording and keeping track of
the plants and their growth. The sites will be geo-tagged
by the industry in collaboration with JSPCB to track and
monitor the progress of the project.

See: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/jspcb-eyes-
teak-plantation-to-reduce-carbon-
emission/articleshow/118564722.cms#:~:text=Ranchi%3A%20T
he%20Jharkhand%20State%20Pollution,the%20backyards%20of
%20rural%20households.

7. VIETNAM

  Wood and Wood Product (W&WP) trade highlights
The Vietnam Customs Department has reported W&WP
exports in April 2025 earned US$1.45 billion, down 2%
compared to March 2025 but up 5% compared to April
2024. Of the total WP exports accounted for US$978
million, down 4% compared to March 2025 but up 3%
compared to April 2024.

In the first 4 months of 2025 W&WP exports totalled
US$5.4 billion, up 10% over the same period in 2024 of
which WP exports fetched US$3.7 billion, up 9% over the
same period in 2024.

Vietnam’s W&WP exports to the Japanese market in April
2025 amounted to US$181.7 million, up 44% compared to
April 2024. In the first 4 months of 2025 W&WP exports
to the Japanese market totalled US$690.4 million, up 27%
over the same period in 2024.

In April 2025 W&WP imports into Vietnam were valued
at US$247 million, down 6% compared to March 2025 but
up 6% compared to April 2024. In the first 4 months of
2025 W&WP imports into Vietnam totalled US$915.1
million, up 19% over the same period in 2024.

Vietnam's tali wood imports in April 2025 were reported
at 23,800 cu.m, worth US$8.7 million, up 5% in volume
and 5% in value compared to March 2025.

However, compared to April 2024, the value of imports
decreased by 44% in volume and 44% in value. In the first
4 months of 2025 Vietnam’s imports of tali were117,100
cu.m, worth US$42.5 million, up 24% in volume and 18%
in value compared to 2024.

Imports of raw wood (logs and sawnwood) from the US to
Vietnam in March 2025 reached 68,730 cu.m with a value
of US$29.97 million, up 13% in volume and 20% in value
compared to February 2025, an increase of 0.5% in
volume and an increase of 1% in value over the same
period in 2024.

In the first 3 months of 2025 imports of raw wood from
the US totalled 191,470 cu.m with a value of US$78.65
million, up 34% in volume and 28% in value over the
same period in 2024.

W&WP exports from Vietnam to the UK market in April
2025 brought in about US$ 21.8 million, up 11%
compared to April 2024. In the first 4 months of 2025, the
W&WP exports to the UK market earned US$81.5
million, up 11% over the same period in 2024.

Vietnam’s imports of poplar in April 2025 totalled 26,700
cu.m, worth US$11.2 million, down 7% in volume and
down 6% in value compared to March 2025. Compared to
April 2024 imports decreased by 4% in volume and
increased by 8% in value.

In the first 4 months of 2025 imports of this item
accounted for 99,400 cu.m, worth US$39.9 million, down
5% in volume and up 2% in value over the same period in
2024.

Imports of raw wood materials from the EU in March
2025 amounted to 67,060 cu.m, with a value of US$22.63
million, down 13% in volume and 6% in value compared
to February 2025 but an increase of 52% in volume and
46% in value over the same period in 2024.

In the first quarter of 2025 imports of raw wood from the
EU were 198,260 cu.m with a value of US$63.95, up 48%
in volume and 47% in value over the same period in 2024.

Vietnam classified as a "low risk" for EUDR
On 22 May 2025 the European Commission (EC)
announced the country risk classification list under the
EUDR.

See: https://green-forum.ec.europa.eu/deforestation-
regulation-implementation/eudr-cooperation-and-
partnerships/country-classification-list_en

According to the country risk classification list published
by the European Commission Vietnam is categorised as a
"low risk" country.

Vietnam Wood Industry in 2025 - trends, challenges
and opportunities
Vietnam’s wood industry has evolved rapidly, becoming
one of the most significant players in global wood
production and export. The country has built a reputation
for producing high-quality timber, furniture and wood
products. The Vietnamese wood industry continues to
thrive, with new trends, policies and opportunities shaping
its future.

A recent article explores the latest developments in
Vietnam’s wood sector highlighting trends, challenges and
the potential for global buyers and investors. Highlights
from the article are provided below.

The Vietnam wood industry benefits from robust trade
relationships with key global markets. The United States
remains one of Vietnam’s largest buyers of wood
products, contributing significantly to the export value.

Other important markets include the European Union and
Japan, where demand for sustainably sourced wood is
growing. Vietnam’s ability to diversify its export markets,
including newer partners in Asia and the Middle East,
enhances its position in the global wood industry.

The Vietnam wood industry has also been adapting to
changing global trade dynamics. In response to the U.S.
tariffs on certain products from Vietnam, many
manufacturers are turning to American timber as a means
to mitigate the impact of these tariffs. By incorporating
American timber into their production processes, these
businesses can avoid the higher tariffs and maintain a
competitive edge, especially in the U.S. market.

Environmental responsibility is now at the forefront of
the Vietnam wood industry. Many manufacturers are
shifting to sustainable sourcing practices, prioritising
Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)-certified timber. This
move not only helps protect forest resources but also
aligns with buyer requirements from Europe, the U.S., and
other eco-conscious markets.

The adoption of technology is accelerating across
the wood manufacturing sector in Vietnam. Automation,
CNC machines and digital design tools are being
implemented to improve precision, reduce waste and
increase production efficiency. This modernisation
supports large-scale orders and enhances product
customisation.

Vietnamese manufacturers are no longer just fulfilling
orders, they are becoming strategic partners in product
development. Original Equipment Manufacturing (OEM)
and Original Design Manufacturing (ODM) services are
expanding rapidly in the Vietnam wood industry allowing
international brands to co-develop unique wood products.

The Vietnam wood industry in 2025 is being shaped not
only by market trends but also by important shifts in
government policies and international trade regulations.

In early 2025, the U.S. government imposed retaliatory
tariffs on various Vietnamese exports due to trade
imbalances. However, these tariffs specifically target
industries that rely heavily on imported raw materials.

Fortunately, the Vietnam wood industry particularly
segments that use American timber, has been exempt from
these penalties. Manufacturers that source raw wood
directly from the U.S. are able to continue exporting with
little to no additional duties offering a unique advantage in
this complex trade environment.

To support continued growth, the Vietnamese government
has introduced favorable policies for the wood processing
industry. These include tax incentives for eco-friendly
production, reduced import duties for machinery and raw
materials and support for enterprises seeking FSC
certification. Several provinces, such as Binh Duong and
Dong Nai, are offering special investment zones for wood
manufacturers with streamlined procedures and land rental
incentives. These measures reinforce the government’s
long-term commitment to boosting the Vietnam wood
industry.

Despite strong growth and global recognition the Vietnam
wood industry faces several challenges that may affect its
long-term competitiveness. Vietnam’s domestic forest
resources are limited and the country depends heavily on
imported raw timber, especially from the U.S., Africa and
South America. This reliance exposes the Vietnam wood
industry to risks such as price fluctuations, transportation
delays and stricter import regulations.

As demand for Vietnamese wood products grows, so does
the need for skilled labour. However, the industry is
struggling to attract and retain a trained workforce. Rural-
urban migration, an aging labour pool and rising wage
expectations are placing pressure on wood manufacturers
to invest in automation and worker training programmes.
For small and medium-sized enterprises the rising labour
cost is particularly challenging.

Sustainable manufacturing is no longer optional in
the wood export industry in Vietnam. However, meeting
environmental standards, carbon neutrality and legal
timber sourcing involves significant costs and
administrative effort. For small businesses, this can be
financially burdensome even though they are increasingly
required by major import markets. Failure to comply may
limit market access, especially to the EU and North
America.

The article concludes “The Vietnam wood industry in
2025 stands at the crossroads of innovation, opportunity,
and global competitiveness. With increasing demand for
sustainable wood products, strong government support,
and advanced manufacturing capabilities, Vietnam has
solidified its position as a leading supplier in the global
market. While challenges like raw material dependency
and regulatory compliance remain, they are outweighed by
the immense potential for international buyers, investors
and partners.

For businesses seeking reliable, eco-conscious and cost-
effective wood sourcing, Vietnam continues to be a top
destination worth serious consideration”.

See: https://thanhtungthinh.com/vietnam-wood-industry-in-2025/

W&WP import duties on wood products removed
Import duties on several wood products imported from the
US were removed as of 31 March ahead of the US
government announcement of reciprocal tariffs. The most
striking move, however, was the removal of import duties
on wood and wood products.

The Vietnam Timber and Forest Products Association
(Viforest) and the Handicraft and Wood Industry
Association of Ho Chi Minh City (HAWA) had previously
recommended revising the import tariffs on US wood
products to minimise risk of potential retaliatory tariffs by
the US.

The quick response from Vietnam has won approval from
industry leaders. A HAWA leader told the Thanh Nien
newspaper that the tax cuts were a "swift, positive and
timely" move, showcasing Vietnam’s goodwill. In reality,
the trade relationship between Vietnam and the US in
wood and wood products is mutually beneficial, with
Vietnam being both a leading supplier of timber and wood
products for the US and an important importer of similar
items from the US.

According to Viforest in recent years the import value has
grown rapidly. In 2024 Vietnam spent US$316.3 million
on US wood imports, a 32% increase in quantity and over
a 34% rise in value compared to 2023. Vietnam is now the
second-largest consumer of US wood in Asia and the
fourth-largest globally.

The Government’s decision to reduce import taxes is part
of broader efforts to encourage US imports and reduce the
trade imbalance between the two countries.
Representatives of Vietnam and the US have been
engaging in frequent talks to discuss new trade measures
and fine-tune policies to mitigate any potential tariff risks.

Alongside these tax cuts, Vietnam has also approved
agreements to allow US companies to operate in the
country. Notably, US tech giant SpaceX has received
approval for the pilot deployment of its Starlink satellite
internet service in Vietnam.

See: https://en.vietnamplus.vn/vietnam-cuts-import-taxes-on-
key-goods-ahead-of-us-tariff-announcement-post312690.vnp

Industry responds flexibly to US tariff threats
While the US has temporarily suspended enforcement of
countervailing duties and the Vietnamese Government is
pushing for diplomatic negotiations the wood industry in
the Southeastern region has devised flexible response
plans. Businesses are shifting production strategies and
exploring alternative markets in an effort to cushion the
impact from the country’s primary export destination, the
US.

In the neighboring Province of Dong Nai industry players
are even more concerned. With the US signaling a tariff
rate of 49% companies are bracing for diminished
competitiveness and surging costs which are expected to
drastically reduce orders.

To adapt, many firms are optimising processes, sourcing
alternative materials, transitioning to smart manufacturing
models, investing in technology and pivoting to renewable
wood products to reduce reliance on the US market.

See: https://wtocenter.vn/german-market/news/27832-
southeastern-regions-wood-industry-responds-flexibly-to-us-
tariff-threats

8. BRAZIL

  Mato Grosso do Sul State a leader in the ‘Green
Economy’
The forestry sector has been a key driver of economic
development in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. Between
2010 and 2024 the area of planted forests in the State
increased from 341,000 hectares to over 1.6 million
hectares.

The region, known as the “Pulp Valley,” comprises nine
municipalities which account for almost 90% of
roundwood production for pulp. Mato Grosso do Sul State
is currently the second-largest producer of roundwood for
the pulp and paper industry and consumes around 24% of
Brazil’s pulp production.

The sector contributed 18% to the State’s industrial GDP,
with exports surpassing US$1.49 billion in 2023 with
China being the main market.

According to the State Secretariat for Environment,
Development, Science, Technology and Innovation
(Semadec), the state has attracted BRL125 billion in
investments since 2015 consolidating the forestry sector as
one of the main drivers of growth. The sector has gained
new momentum with the announcement of the first soluble
pulp mill to be built by Bracell in Bataguassu.

See: https://www.remade.com.br/noticias/20718/setor-florestal-
transforma-mato-grosso-do-sul-em-potencia-verde

Livestock-Forestry model with Tectona grandis
Embrapa Agrossilvipastoril, located in the State of Mato
Grosso, has launched what is termed the Bacaeri- BoiTeca
(Cattle/Teak) system, an integrated crop-livestock-forestry
system (integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta – ILPF)
which combines cattle farming with the cultivation of
teak.

This model, says Embrapa Agrossilvipastoril, enables the
sustainable intensification of agricultural production,
diversifies farmers’ income and promotes environmental
benefits. The system integrates teak planting in alternating
rows combined with cattle grazing on pastures.

While the trees grow (for approximately 20 years until
harvest), livestock production continues normally ensuring
a steady income. During the first 10 to 18 months, when
cattle are temporarily removed from the area it is possible
to harvest for silage and hay or restore forage.

Forest management includes systematic pruning and
thinning to ensure high-quality timber and adequate light
penetration for pasture growth. Embrapa’s research shows
that tree shading improves thermal comfort for the animals
leading to greater weight gain, better immunity and
improved reproductive performance.

The system has been technically validated in several
Technological Reference Units in Mato Grosso, especially
at Fazenda Bacaeri which gave the system its name. The
average initial investment is R$3,200.00/ha with partial
returns starting in the 8th year from livestock production
and teak thinning. The highest revenues are generated
from the final harvest of the trees, between the 18th and
25th years.

For the system´s success rigorous technical planning is
essential including the definition of tree spacing,
nutritional and phytosanitary management, weed control
and fire prevention. Specialised technical assistance is
indispensable to ensure operational efficiency and the
quality of forest products throughout the entire production
cycle.

In addition to its economic viability, the BoiTeca System
offers significant environmental benefits. It contributes to
carbon sequestration and reduces methane emissions per
unit of meat produced, while also reducing pressure on
native forests.

The system is aligned with the guidelines of the National
Program for the Conversion of Degraded Pastures into
Sustainable Agricultural and Forestry Production Systems
and can be associated with environmental certifications
such as Carbon-Neutral Beef (CNB) and Low-Carbon
Beef (LCB).

See: https://www.embrapa.br/busca-de-noticias/-
/noticia/100314382/novo-sistema-produtivo-integra-pecuaria-de-
corte-com-plantio-de-teca

Export update
In April 2025 Brazilian exports of wood-based products
(except pulp and paper) increased 4% in value compared
to April 2024, from US$306.5 million to US$317.7
million.

Pine sawnwood exports increased 19% in value between
April 2024 (US$48.7 million) and April 2025 (US$58.0
million). In volume, exports increased 13% over the same
period, from 219,100 cu.m to 247,600 cu.m.

Tropical sawnwood exports increased 41% in volume,
from 23,900 cu.m in April 2024 to 33,700 cu.m in April
2025. In value, exports increased 19% from US$10.1
million to US$12.0 million over the same period.

Pine plywood exports increased 22% in value in April
2025 compared to April 2024, from US$67.9 million to
US$82.8 million. In volume, exports increased 31% over
the same period, from 197,700 cu.m to 259,600 cu.m.

As for tropical plywood, exports increased in volume 23%
and in value 7%, from 2,600 cu.m and US$ 1.5 million in
April 2024 to 3,200 cu.m and US$1.6 million in April
2025.

As for wooden furniture, the exported value increased
from US$45.5 million in April 2024 to US$48.7 million in
April 2025, an increase of 7%.

Global maritime freight in 2025
The global maritime transport situation in 2025 has been
marked by high volatility, directly affecting logistics costs
and the predictability of international trade operations. The
imposition of new tariffs by the US resulted in a steep
drop in volumes shipped from China to the US.

In Brazil the situation at ports is concerning. Terminals in
the South and Southeast regions are facing significant
logistical bottlenecks, particularly in the handling and
return of empty containers.

Delays at trans-shipment ports in the Caribbean have also
affected the schedules of carriers operating through South
America.

Against this background companies have been advised
intensify their logistics planning through strategic
measures such as enhancing logistical planning,
diversifying supplier bases, using alternative transport
modes, leveraging ‘Less than Container Load’ shipments
(where multiple shippers combine smaller shipments into a
single container) and strengthening partnerships with
reliable logistics operators.

See: https://woodflow.com.br/blog/pressao-no-frete-maritimo-
global-como-enfrentar-2025




Export prices
Average FOB prices Belém/PA, Paranaguá/PR,
Navegantes/SC and Itajaí/SC Ports.



Through the eyes of industry
The latest GTI report lists the challenges identified by the
private sector in Brazil.

See: https://www.itto-
ggsc.org/static/upload/file/20250519/1747635226558660.pdf

9. PERU

  First quarter export earnings disappoint
The Center for Global Economy and Business Research of
the CIEN-ADEX Exporters Association reported the value
of shipments of wood products for finishing and
construction totalled US$4.3 million during the first three
months of 2025 representing a decrease of 29% compared
to the same month in 2024 (US$20.2 million). According
to figures from the ADEX Data Trade Trade Intelligence
System products included sawnwoor (US$6.8 million),
semi-manufactured products (US$2.3 million) firewood
and charcoal (US$2.2 million), furniture and parts
(US$1.2 million) and construction products (US$1.1
million).

The leading export destination was the Dominican
Republic with shipments worth US$3.9 million, an almost
30% increase compared to the previous year. Vietnam
followed with US$2.3 million, a doubling compared to
2024, Mexico with US$1.9 million, a decrease of 16%, the
United States with US$1.8 million, a decrease of 36%.
Rounding out the top 5 markets was France with sales of
US$988,000, a decrease of 63%.

Five year strategy to boost forestry sector
At the Executive Committee for the Development of the
Forestry Sector the Forest and Wildlife Resources
Oversight Agency (OSINFOR) and the National Forest
and Wildlife Service (SERFOR) presented a strategy for
coordinating their efforts with regional forestry and
wildlife authorities, with the aim of strengthening state
policies and inter-institutional work that promote forest
sustainability and the economic and social development.

This strategy was developed within the framework of the
Inter-Institutional Cooperation Agreement between
OSINFOR and SERFOR which was renewed for the third
time in February 2025.

The Executive Board for the Development of the Forestry
Sector was created in 2017, through Ministerial Resolution
No. 347-2017-EF/10, with the purpose of identifying
barriers that limit the growth of the forestry sector and
proposing solutions through legal reforms.

See: https://www.gob.pe/institucion/osinfor/noticias/1166128-
osinfor-y-serfor-presentan-estrategia-para-impulsar-el-desarrollo-
del-sector-forestal-en-cinco-anos

To ensure sustainable management of forest and wildlife
resources the Regional Government of Loreto is
promoting forest zoning with technical assistance from the
National Forest and Wildlife Service (SERFOR) through
ts Sustainable Productive Forests Program (BPS).

Daniel Rivera, Executive Coordinator of SERFOR's
Sustainable Productive Forests Program said “we have
provided professionals specialised in forest zoning and
geographic information systems as well as equipment with
workstations, ArcGIS licenses and an interactive display
to optimise this process in Loreto”.

See: https://www.gob.pe/institucion/serfor/noticias/1177614-
gore-loreto-y-serfor-avanzan-en-zonificacion-forestal-para-
proteger-bosques

Planting 5 million trees across six regions of Peru
More than 50 forestry organisations have begun planting
nearly five million trees as part of an initiative is promoted
by the National Forestry and Wildlife Service (SERFOR)
through its Sustainable Productive Forests Program (BPS).

The Executive Coordination of the BPS Program reported
that 313 hectares of forest plantations have been planted to
date and that within three years, the 5,300 hectares
committed by the 50 organisations will be achieved.

This initiative involves an investment of US$12.2 million
and will benefit more than 7,700 families in the regions of
Ancash, Cajamarca, Huánuco, Junín, Pasco, and San
Martín.

See: https://www.gob.pe/institucion/serfor/noticias/1167053-con-
el-apoyo-del-serfor-mas-de-50-organizaciones-siembran-5-
millones-de-arboles-y-generan-empleo-en-seis-regiones-del-peru